Evaluate the Evidence for Human Impacts on Downstream Flood Risk in Rural Catchment Areas in Temperate Regions

Evaluate the evidence for human impacts on downstream flood risk in rural catchments in temperate regions. Before we can evaluate human impacts on flood risk we must first establish what is meant by temperate regions and also rural catchments. Temperate regions are generally regarded as lying between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle or the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle and therefore rivers investigated in this essay will fall within these parameters. Rural catchments are slightly harder to define, as today very few large rivers do not have some form of urban development within their catchments area. In this essay a river that is still in a predominantly rural catchment will be discussed even if there are areas of urban land within the catchment. Humans impact on flood risk falls into one of two categories. The first is deliberately and directly, through floodplain restoration, construction of dams and channel rehabilitation and all of these have fairly obvious positive effects on reducing flood risk. However it is when humans indirectly affect the flood risk, through deforestation, land use change and climate change (which all have a negative effect on flood risk) that there is less certainty into the extent of the impact that humans have. Overall though it is clear that human activity has resulted in ‘major changes’ (Goudie, 2006) in downstream flood risk in temperate regions and rural catchments. The most obvious way in which humans impact downstream flood risk is through direct adaptation of the river itself and this is also arguably also the most important way in which humans can have an impact on flood risk (Mrwoka, 1974). Damming is probably the most widespread example of how humans seek to control peak flows on rivers and the construction of dams in the UK has led to significant decreases in flooding. The reservoir created on the River Avon occupies 1. 38% of the catchment but reduces peak flow by 16% and even more impressively the reservoir on the Catcleugh in the Cheviots occupies 2. 72% of the catchment and reduces peak flow by 71% (Petts and Lewin, 1979). The creation of dams clearly reduces the flood risk overall, however, dams have a much smaller effect on rare flood events of high magnitude, due to the fact that there is a finite amount of water a dam can hold during times of high, prolonged precipitation (Goudie, 2006). On the River Avon the ratio of pre-dam discharges to post-dam discharges is a mere 1. 02 in a once-in-10 year event (Petts and Lewin, 1979). However, despite this, man’s construction of dams still has a large impact in reducing peak flood and therefore flood risk in downstream catchment areas. Floodplain restoration is another example of humans deliberately impacting on flood risk. It has been calculated that the flood reduction function of 3800 hectares of floodplain storage on the Charles River, Massachusetts saved US$ 17 million worth of downstream flood damage each year (US Corps of Engineers, 1972). Restoration has taken place on the River Cherwell between Oxford and Banbury. Here the embankments were removed and the channels restore to their pre-1900 dimensions. As a result of the rehabilitation of the channel peak flow was reduced by between 10-15% and the embankments which had been removed were shown to have been increasing peak flow by between 50-150% (Acreman et al, 2003). This clearly shows the extent to which humans can actively work to reduce the flood risk in a rural catchment area, and shows how important the role of floodplain restoration and channel rehabilitation is when reducing peak flows. A prime example of human activity indirectly affecting flood risk patterns is through deforestation. The principle here is that by removing vegetation, you remove the capacity for a significant percentage of precipitation to be intercepted by the vegetation and then evaporated before it reaches the stream. Therefore, if humans remove the vegetation in a catchment area this can increase run-off and therefore flood risk. An experimental study was conducted in 1910 to investigate the extent to which vegetation coverage affected peak flow in Colorado. Stream flows from two watersheds of approximately 80 hectares in size were compared over 8 years, before one valley was clear-felled. The catchment area which had experienced clear felling experienced 17% greater annual flow and also significantly higher peak flows (Goudie, 2006). In 1998 the Yangtze River experienced its worst floods for over 40 years, with high water remaining in some areas for 70 days. Although the precipitation over that time period was extreme, the extent of the flooding (which caused over $20billion in damages) has also been linked to the widespread deforestation that had taken place upstream of the floods. In 1957 the forest coverage of the river basin was 22% but by 1986 this figure had been reduced to 10% (Yin et al, 1998). Despite this, it has been argued that during times of prolonged rainfall, vegetation loses its ability to reduce peak flow as there is a finite limit to how much water vegetation can hold. A study on the Yangtze showed that under 90mm of heavy rainfall, surface run-off was 65mm in forested areas and 35mm in non-forested areas and therefore the forest does not retain more run-off (Cheng et al, 1998) and therefore flood risk is no greater. However, there can be no doubt that deforestation reduces seepage losses and therefore increases the convergence of seepage water and that deforestation increased the seriousness of the flooding that the Yangtze experienced in 1998 (Yin and Lee, 1999). The type of vegetation in a river basin can also have an influence on flood risk, and human activity can indirectly affect this. The principle here is that some types of vegetation retain more water than others and therefore their presence reduces flood risk. The catchment area of the Coweeta River in North Carolina was converted from deciduous hardwood forest to pine (which is evergreen) over a period of 15 years, from 1940 onwards, and as a result stream flow was reduced by 20% (Swank and Douglas, 1974). However, although certain types of plant may indeed significantly reduce stream flow, the impact they have on flood risk is often considerably smaller. It has been estimated that a forest of Ash juniper trees intercept around 40% of the precipitation that falls on them each year (Owens et al, 2006). This figure is so high as Ash juniper trees are evergreen and therefore absorb water all year round however, during storms, this figure is reduced to around 10%. This figure remains fairly similar for most vegetation during high storms. We can therefore say that although humans adapting the type of vegetation in a catchment area does have an impact on overall stream flow, the extent to which this reduces the flood risk downstream is negligible (Wilcox et al, 2006). Land use change is another example of human activity which, although it is not done with the intention of altering river flow characteristics, still has an impact on downstream flood risk. Developing urban areas in formerly rural ones is now widely acknowledged to have a ‘considerable’ hydrological impact, mainly thorough the ways in which it alters runoff (Hollis, 1988). Essentially this urbanization produces a tapestry of impermeable surfaces that increase run-off and therefore discharge during times of high precipitation (Graf, 1977). However, Hollis (1975) argues that whilst urbanization may increase the recurrence interval of small floods, in rare large scale floods, land use change has little effect on the overall peak flow, due to the fact that during large storms, rural areas become saturated quickly and then behave in much the same way as urban areas. Despite this, we can still say that land use change from urban to rural does increase the flood risk, even if this increase in risk is only during smaller events. Although we are examining flood risk in rural catchment areas, development of urban pockets in these areas must still be considered, as even catchments with only some urbanization are still more likely to suffer flooding (Wilson, 1967). Climate change is another way in which man indirectly can have an effect on flooding risk although this is a hotly contested topic, as no completely acceptable explanation of climate change has been presented before (Goudie, 2006). However, some climate models have still predicted that climate change over the next 100 years will lead to higher flood risk. This is due to the fact that in a warmer climate, the air can hold more water, which increases the potential for latent heat release during low pressure systems and therefore increased precipitation is likely (Frei et al, 1998). A model in 2002 produced by the EU group PRUDENCE compared summertime precipitation in mainland Europe from 1961-1990 and the forecast for 2071-2100 based on the climatic predictions made in the IPCC report. This found that although overall precipitation may slightly decrease over the summer, precipitation events in the 95th percentile for intensity would significantly increase (Christensen J and Christensen O, 2003). This would obviously increase the flood risk downstream in rural catchments. However, although climate change may, in the coming century, prove to have a significant impact on flooding, currently the topic is too heavily debated to draw any concrete conclusions on the extent to which human induced climate change increases flooding risk. We can therefore see that humans impact on flood risk in a variety of ways, some positive and some negative and all to varying degrees. It is worth bearing in mind that in some areas man may be impacting on flood risk in both a negative and positive way and therefore having an even larger impact on the stream than would at first be obvious. The evidence for man impacting on flood risk downstream in rural catchments is often disputed; however, it is clear that man is impacting on streams and flood risk. It is worth remembering that flooding is a perfectly natural event however rivers and the floods they can potentially unleash are in a delicate balance, and man is more than capable of upsetting that balance in a variety of ways.

Childcare – Orientation Package

CHILD CARE LICENSING IN ONTARIO Orientation Package for Prospective Child Care Operators June 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Child Care in Ontario Child Care Licensing in Ontario Role of the Operator The Director under the Day Nurseries Act Role of Program Advisors The Application Process Planning and Design Guidelines for Child Care Centres Obtaining a Licence Health Canada – Product Safety Program Duration of Licensing Process Types of Licences Child Care Licensing Website Child Care Service System Managers 5 5 6 6 7 7 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 Summary of Licensing Requirements for Day Nurseries Organization and Management Staff Qualifications Health Assessments and Immunization Number and Group Size Criminal Reference Checks Building and Accommodation Equipment and Furnishings Policies and Procedures Playground Requirements Inspections Insurance Requirements Fire Safety and Emergency Information Health and Medical Supervision Nutrition 13 13 13 13 14 15 15 17 17 18 19 19 19 2 0 21 2Behaviour Management Enrolment Records Program 22 23 23 Summary of Licensing Requirements for Private-Home Day Care Agencies Organization and Management Numbers of Children Criminal Reference Checks Building and Accommodation Equipment and Furnishings Policies and Procedures Inspections Insurance Requirements Health and Medical Supervision Nutrition Behaviour Management Enrolment Records Program Health Assessments and Immunization 25 25 25 27 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 31 32 32 33Conclusion Glossary of Terms (Appendix 1) Things to Look Into Before Applying for a Licence to Operate a Day Nursery or a PrivateHome Day Care Agency (Appendix 2) Ministry of Children and Youth Services Regional Offices (Appendix 3) Child Care Service System Managers (Appendix 4) 34 35 36 37 38 3 INTRODUCTION One of the goals of the Ministry of Children and Youth Services is to help support social and economic development in Ontario by investing in and supporting an affordable, accessible and accountable ch ild care system which helps benefit children, their parents and caregivers, and the broader community.The early learning and child care system in Ontario should: †¢ be accessible, affordable and inclusive †¢ care for children in a safe, nurturing environment †¢ foster early childhood development †¢ help support early learning and readiness for school †¢ be flexible and provide choice †¢ support children and their families †¢ provide appropriate standards of child care †¢ provide supports for parents in financial need, who are employed, in training, or involved in other employment activities †¢ support economic growth, and †¢ work in partnership with others involved in Ontario’s arly learning and child care system. This Orientation Package has been designed to provide individuals who are interested in obtaining a licence to operate either a day nursery (also known as child care centres) or a private-home day care agency in the Province of Ontario, with practical information and advice.The following information is included in this package: †¢ the process for obtaining a licence †¢ a summary of the licensing requirements to operate a day nursery or a private-home day care agency under the Day Nurseries Act †¢ a glossary of terms (Appendix 1) †¢ information to assist you in considering your decision to apply for a licence to operate either a day nursery or a private-home day care agency (Appendix 2) †¢ a list of the Regional Offices of the Ministry of Children and Youth Services (Appendix 3), and †¢ a list of the Child Care Service System Managers responsible for planning and managing the delivery of child care services throughout Ontario (Appendix 4). 4 CHILD CARE IN ONTARIO The child care system in Ontario consists of a range of services for families and their children, including licensed day nurseries and private-home day care which provide supports to children and their fami lies.The Day Nurseries Act requires any premise that receives more than five children under the age of 10 years, not of common parentage (children who have different parents), for temporary care and guidance, to be licensed as a day nursery. A person may provide informal child care to five children or less under the age of 10 years who are not of common parentage (children who have different parents), in addition to his/her own children, without a licence. This number may not be exceeded, regardless of the number of adults present or on site. When a person provides in-home child care at more than one location or co-ordinates the provision of care at more than one site, a licence to operate a private-home day care agency is required. It is an offence to establish, operate or maintain a day nursery or private-home day care agency without a licence.On conviction, the fine is up to $2,000 for each day the offence continues, or imprisonment for a term of not more than one year, or both. Ministry staff have the responsibility to follow-up on all complaints about child care being provided without a licence. CHILD CARE LICENSING IN ONTARIO The Ministry of Children and Youth Services is responsible for the Day Nurseries Act and issues licences to operators of child care programs. There are two types of licensed child care programs: day nurseries and private-home day care agencies. In the Day Nurseries Act and in this package, child care centres are referred to as day nurseries. Day nurseries may include nursery schools, full day care, extended day care, and before and after school programs. 5Private-home day care agencies arrange or offer home day care at more than one home. Care is provided to five children or less, under 10 years of age in a private residence other than the home of the parent/guardian of the child. Homes are monitored by the agency. Role of the Operator Operators have responsibility for the operation and management of each day nursery or private-home day care agency, including the program, financial and personnel administration of the program. Operators of licensed day nurseries and private-home day care agencies are required to achieve and maintain compliance with the standards set out in Ontario Regulation 262 under the Day Nurseries Act at all times.The Day Nurseries Act and Ontario Regulation 262 are available through: Publication Services 777 Bay Street, Market Level, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C8 416-585-7485 or 1-800-668-9938 The Day Nurseries Act is available on the ministry’s website at: http://www. elaws. gov. on. ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90d02_e. htm. Ontario Regulation 262 under the Day Nurseries Act is available online at: http://www. elaws. gov. on. ca/html/regs/english/elaws_regs_900262_e. htm#37. (1). The Director under the Day Nurseries Act Child care licences are issued by a â€Å"Director† who is an employee of the Ministry of Children and Youth Services, appointed by the Minister for the purpose of the Day Nurseries Act. The Director reviews all documents required for licensing, approves and signs the licence.The Director has the authority to refuse to issue a new licence if: †¢ the applicant or any of the officers, directors or employees of the applicant are not competent to operate a day nursery or privatehome day care agency in a responsible manner in accordance with the Day Nurseries Act 6 †¢ the past conduct of the applicant affords reasonable grounds for the belief that a day nursery or private-home day care agency will not be operated in accordance with the Day Nurseries Act, or the building in which the applicant proposes to operate the day nursery or provide private-home day care does not comply with the requirements of the Day Nurseries Act. †¢ In addition, if there are grounds, the Director may refuse to renew or revoke an existing licence. The Director may also issue a direction and temporarily suspend a licence if there is an immediat e threat to the health, safety or well-being of the children.An applicant or licensee is entitled to a hearing before the Licence Appeal Tribunal. Role of Program Advisors Program Advisors, Ministry of Children and Youth Services staff designated under Section 16 of the Day Nurseries Act, are responsible for inspecting day nurseries and private-home day care agencies to enforce licensing requirements. In some regional offices, this position is referred to as Licensing Specialist. Program Advisors are responsible for assessing whether the operator has met the licensing requirements before an initial licence is issued. Unannounced inspections are conducted by Program Advisors for licence renewals on an annual basis or more frequently for a shorter term licences.In addition, Program Advisors conduct unannounced inspections in response to complaints related to licensed child care programs and to monitor operators who have difficulty maintaining compliance with licensing standards. The M inistry of Children and Youth Services also responds to complaints from the public pertaining to persons who are alleged to be operating without a licence (i. e. caring for more than five children under 10 years of age, not of common parentage, without a licence). The Application Process An individual or corporation can apply for a licence to operate a day nursery or a private-home day care agency. (Licences cannot be issued to partnerships. ) 7Types of operators include: †¢ an individual †¢ corporations (non-profit and for-profit) †¢ municipalities †¢ community colleges †¢ churches, or †¢ Bands and Councils of the Band. The prospective operator contacts the local Regional Office (see Appendix 3) to request an application package and confirm the information required before proceeding with the next steps in the licensing process. Prior to requesting an initial site inspection for a day nursery (a visit to determine if the space is appropriate), the opera tor submits the completed application form to the Regional Office, as well as: †¢ †¢ †¢ written verification from the zoning authority confirming the location is approved for use as a child care centre detailed floor plans, and detailed site plans of the proposed location.These plans must include room measurements, window measurements (actual glass area), location of fixed cabinets (counters and storage areas) and fenced outdoor playground space dimensions (if required). Please note that effective July 1, 2005, as part of regulatory changes to the Ontario Building Code, all building or renovation plans for a day nursery must be reviewed and approved by the Ministry of Children and Youth Services prior to a municipality issuing a building permit. It is the operator’s responsibility to determine whether the location will meet zoning, building, fire and health requirements. Written verification must be submitted to the regional office confirming that these require ments have been met prior to a licence being issued. The fee for a new licence is $15; the renewal fee is $10.If a licence renewal is submitted to the ministry after the licence expiry date, the late fee is $25. 8 Planning and Design Guidelines for Child Care Centres This guide provides information about the planning, design and renovation of licensed child care centres. It is intended to be used by persons involved in the site selection, design, and operation of a child care centre in the province of Ontario. This guide is available through the local MCYS Regional office and on the ministry’s website at http://www. children. gov. on. ca/mcys/english/resources/publications/be ststart-planning. asp. (Alternately, from the ministry’s home page at http://www. children. gov. on. a, you can follow the links to Best Start, then Best Start resources, then Planning and Design Guidelines for Child Care Centres. ) Obtaining a Licence To obtain a licence, applicants must demonstr ate compliance with the requirements set out in Regulation 262 of the Day Nurseries Act in a number of areas including: confirmation of compliance with municipal zoning, building, fire and health requirements; the suitability of the building; availability of equipment and furnishings; conformity with space requirements and playground standards; maintenance of staff/child ratios for various age groups; staff qualifications; nutrition; appropriate behaviour management; programming and insurance.Private-home day care agencies must demonstrate compliance with the requirements set out in Regulation 262 of the Day Nurseries Act in a number of areas including: staffing and training; policies and procedures; records of inspections of providers’ homes; availability of equipment and furnishings; appropriate behaviour management and insurance. The Program Advisor makes a recommendation to the Director under the Day Nurseries Act about the issuance of a licence based on their assessment of compliance with the requirements of the Day Nurseries Act and ministry policy. The Director decides whether to issue a licence and the type and term of licence to be issued. The Director may add terms and conditions to the licence. The operator is required to comply with the terms and conditions of the licence as well as the requirements of the Day Nurseries Act and ministry policy. 9Operators must apply for a licence renewal prior to the expiry date of the current licence. Licences may be issued for a period of up to one year if all licensing requirements are met. Health Canada – Product Safety Program Health Canada helps protect the Canadian public by researching, assessing and collaborating in the management of the health risks and safety hazards associated with the many consumer products, including children’s equipment, toys and furnishings, that Canadians use everyday. Through their Product Safety Program, Health Canada communicates information about juvenile p roduct hazards and recalls to protect children from avoidable risks.Advisories and warnings, juvenile product recall notices, food recalls and allergy alerts are posted on the Health Canada website. The Consumer Product Recalls webpage can be accessed at http://209. 217. 71. 106/PR/list-liste-e. jsp. Health Canada offers an electronic newsletter so that the public can receive updates when consumer advisories and warnings, juvenile product recalls, and consultation documents regarding consumer product safety are posted on the Health Canada Web site. As a prospective operator, you are encouraged to register on line for this service at: http://www. hc-sc. gc. ca/cps-spc/advisories-avis/_subscribeabonnement/index_e. html.Duration of Initial Licensing Process It may take up to 6 to 12 months to open a new day nursery or private-home day care agency depending on a number of factors, including the extent of the renovations, the incorporation of a corporation, the purchasing of equipment, t he hiring of a supervisor or home visitors, the recruitment of staff, the development of policies and obtaining all required approvals. Types of Licences †¢ Regular licence – may be issued for up to 1 year if the operator was in compliance with licensing requirements when last inspected. 10 †¢ Regular short-term licence – issued at the discretion of the Director – routinely issued to new licensees (generally for a period of up to six months) or when more frequent licensing visits are appropriate to support ongoing compliance.Regular licence with terms and conditions – terms and conditions are requirements prescribed by a Director and are additional to the requirements of the Day Nurseries Act. They may reflect circumstances specific to the operation, such as half day or 10 month service. They may also be in place to minimize the recurrence of a non-compliance, such as incomplete staff medical records. Provisional licence – When Day Nurser ies Act requirements have not been met and the operator requires time to meet requirements, a provisional licence (generally for a period up to three months) may be issued. This licence gives the operator a period of time to meet licensing requirements.Copies of a letter indicating that a provisional licence has been issued and a summary of the non-compliances are sent to the centre for distribution to parents. The summary of non-compliances will also appear on the Child Care Licensing Website. †¢ †¢ Child Care Licensing Website MCYS has launched the Child Care Licensing Website to provide parents with information about licensed child care in Ontario. The site is accessible at http://www. ontario. ca/ONT/portal51/licensedchildcare. A search tool allows parents to search for child care by city, postal code, type of program, age group, program name, operator name and language of service delivery.The site also provides the status of the licence and the terms and conditions of the licence for any licensed program parents might be considering or about which they might be concerned. Once a licence is issued, the information appearing on the licence of the program will be available on the website. Child Care Service System Managers The child care system is managed at the municipal level by fortyseven Consolidated Municipal Service Managers (CMSMs) /District 11 Social Services Administration Boards (DSSABs). Each service system manager has responsibility for planning and managing a broad range of child care services, including fee subsidy, wage subsidy, family resource centres and special needs resourcing.Prospective operators should contact their local child care service system manager (see Appendix 4) to discuss the need for child care in the area being considered and for information about funding and fee subsidy. 12 DAY NURSERIES ACT SUMMARY OF LICENSING REQUIREMENTS FOR DAY NURSERIES Day nurseries are centre-based programs and can include nursery schools , full day child care, extended day and before and after school programs. Organization and Management The operator of the day nursery is responsible for maintaining compliance with the Day Nurseries Act and ministry policy. This includes responsibility for the operation and management of the program and financial and personnel administration. A qualified supervisor who directs the program and oversees the staff is required for each child care centre.This person must have a diploma in Early Childhood Education, or other academic qualifications which are considered equivalent, and have at least two years experience in Early Childhood Education. The supervisor must also be approved by the Director under the Day Nurseries Act. Staff Qualifications †¢ The supervisor must have a diploma in Early Childhood Education or equivalent qualifications, with two years experience and must be approved by the Director under the Day Nurseries Act. †¢ One staff with a diploma in Early Childho od Education or equivalent qualifications must be hired for each group of children. Health Assessments and Immunization †¢ Staff immunization/health assessment, as required by the local medical officer of health, must be completed before commencing employment. 13Number and Group Size Number of Staff required for a Day Nursery Other than a Day Nursery for Children with Disabilities Ratio of Employees to Children 3 to 10 1 to 5 Maximum Number of Children in a Group 10 15 Group Age of Children in Group Infant Toddler Under 18 months of age 18 months of age and over up to and including 30 months of age more than 30 months of age up to and including 5 years of age 44 months of age or over and up to and including 67 months of age as of August 31 of the year 56 months of age or over and up to and including 67 months of age as of August 31 of the year 68 months of age or over as of August 31 of the year and up to and including 12 years of age Preschool 1 to 8 16 Junior Kindergarten 1 t o 10 20 Senior Kindergarten 1 to 12 24 School age to 15 30 †¢ All children must be supervised by an adult at all times. †¢ Ratios are not permitted to be reduced at any time for children under 18 months of age. †¢ Ratios are not to be reduced on the playground. 14 †¢ Where there are six or more children over 18 months of age or four or more children under 18 months of age in attendance, there must be at least two adults on the premises. †¢ Staff/child ratios may be reduced to 2/3 of the required ratios during the periods of arrival and departure of children and during the rest period, with the following exceptions: †¢ †¢ when children are under 18 months of age on the playground with any age group In a full day program operating six or more hours in a day, for the purposes of staffing, the period of arrival is not to exceed two hours after the opening and the period of departure is not to exceed two hours before the closing of the day nursery. â₠¬ ¢ In half day nursery school programs and school age programs, the period of arrival is not to exceed 30 minutes after the opening and the period of departure is not to exceed 30 minutes before the closing of the day nursery. Criminal Reference Checks Individuals and directors of a corporation applying for new licences will be required to submit a criminal reference check to their local Ministry of Children and Youth Services Regional Office as part of the licence application.In preparation for the initial licensing visit, the operator of the day nursery is required to develop a criminal reference check policy for all full and part time staff working with the children, as well as for volunteers. Additional information about the Ministry of Children and Youth Services criminal reference check policy is available from Regional Offices. Building and Accommodation Each day nursery must: †¢ comply with the requirements of applicable local authorities i. e. zoning and building depa rtment, medical officer of health and fire department †¢ comply with the requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act, 2002, O. Reg. 170/03, where applicable.These provisions only apply to designated facilities with drinking water systems where 15 the water is not provided through service connections with a municipal residential water system. The requirements of this regulation are available from the Ministry of the Environment’s website at http://www. ene. gov. on. ca/envision/gp/5361e. pdf †¢ comply with the requirements for lead flushing and water sample testing (where applicable) under the Safe Drinking Water Act, 2002, O. Reg. 243/07. The requirements of this regulation are available from the Ministry of the Environment’s website at http://www. ontario. ca/ONT/portal51/drinkingwater/General? docId= 177450&lang=en †¢ comply with the requirements of the Smoke-Free OntarioAct †¢ have designated spaces for washing, toileting and separate storage are as for toys, play materials and equipment †¢ have designated space for eating and resting, preparation of food if prepared on premises or a food service area if food is catered (prepared off premises by a food catering company and delivered to the centre), a fenced playground (see page 15), storage for beds, a staff rest area and an office area if the program operates for six or more hours †¢ have play space of at least 2. 8 square metres (30 square feet) of unobstructed floor space for each child, based on the licensed capacity †¢ have separate play activity rooms for each age grouping. A separate sleep area for infants is also required †¢ have rooms on or below the second floor where the rooms are for children under six years of age †¢ have a clear window glass area equivalent to 10% of the available floor area for each play activity room for a program that operates for six or more hours in a day. 16 Equipment and Furnishings Each day nursery must have: â € ¢ an adequate number of toys, equipment and furnishings for the licensed capacity.The toys, equipment and furnishings must be age appropriate and include sufficient numbers for rotation as well as for gross-motor activity in the playground area †¢ infant and toddler diapering areas that are adjacent to a sink †¢ cribs or cradles that meet the requirements of the Hazardous Products Act, for infants, and cots for older children †¢ equipment and furnishings which are maintained in a safe and clean condition and kept in a good state of repair †¢ a telephone or an alternative means of obtaining emergency assistance that is approved by the Director †¢ Where children are transported in a day nursery vehicle, child seating and restraint systems are used that meet the requirements of the Highway Traffic Act, O. Reg. 613.Policies and Procedures Every operator must develop the following policies and procedures: †¢ Fire evacuation procedures †¢ Sanitary pr actices †¢ Serious occurrence policy, including child abuse reporting procedures †¢ Criminal reference check policy †¢ Medication policy †¢ Behaviour management policy, including monitoring procedures and contravention policies 17 †¢ Program statement/parent handbook †¢ Playground safety policy †¢ Anaphylactic policy, including an individual plan for each child with a severe allergy and the emergency procedures to be followed. Playground Requirements †¢ Programs operating six or more hours in a day require outdoor play space equivalent to 5. 6 square metres (60 square feet) per child, based on licensed capacity. The playground must be: †¢ sub-divided if licensed capacity is over 64 children †¢ at ground level and adjacent to the premise †¢ designed so that staff can maintain constant supervision. †¢ If used by children under 44 months of age as of August 31 of the year, the playground must be fenced to a minimum height of 1 . 2m (4 feet) and furnished with one or more gates that can be securely closed at all times. †¢ If used by children 44 months of age and up to an including 67 month of age as of August 31 of the year (children eligible to attend junior and senior kindergarten), the playground is fenced to a minimum height of 1. 2 metres and the fence is furnished with one or more gates that are securely closed at all times, unless otherwise approved by the Director. †¢ Fixed playground structures (i. e. limbing equipment, slides) are not required by the Day Nurseries Act; however, if the operator intends to install fixed play structures, the structures and safety surfacing must meet current Canadian Standards Association standards. †¢ The current Canadian Standards Association’s (CSA) Standard applies to new and newly renovated playground equipment, and 18 safety surfacing. The CSA Standards also set out the requirements for routine maintenance and inspections. †¢ Playgrou nd plans indicating the type and location of fixed structures as well as the type and area of safety surfacing must be approved by the ministry before installation. †¢ Once play structures and surfacing are installed, compliance with the CSA standards must be verified in writing by an independent certified playground inspector before the structures can be used by the children.Inspections †¢ Copies of fire and health inspections are to be sent to the Ministry of Children and Youth Services program advisor and kept on file at the day nursery. Insurance Requirements †¢ The operator must have comprehensive general liability coverage and personal injury coverage for all staff and volunteers. †¢ All vehicles owned by the operator and used for transportation of staff and children must have motor vehicle insurance. Fire Safety and Emergency Information †¢ A fire safety plan must be approved by the local fire department. †¢ A written evacuation procedure, approv ed by the fire department, must be posted in each room. †¢ Staff are to be instructed on their responsibilities in the event of fire. Monthly fire drills must be conducted and written records of drills maintained. †¢ Tests of the fire alarm system and fire protection equipment (as required under the Ontario Fire Code) must be conducted and written records of test results maintained. 19 †¢ There must be a designated place of emergency shelter. †¢ An up-to-date list of emergency telephone numbers including the fire department, hospital, ambulance service, poison control centre, police department and a taxi service must be posted where they can be easily accessed. †¢ Medical and emergency contact information for each child must be accessible. Health and Medical Supervision †¢ A daily written log that includes health and safety incidents is required. Any instructions or recommendations made by the fire department, public health department or other regulator y bodies must be implemented and recorded. †¢ Sanitary practices and procedures must be approved by Ministry. †¢ Children must be immunized according to the requirements of the local medical officer of health, unless a fully authorized exemption is on file. †¢ Before each child begins to play with others, a daily observation of the child’s health is required. †¢ An ill child must be separated from others and arrangements made for the child to be taken home or for immediate medical attention, if required. †¢ Serious occurrence procedures must be in place and the Ministry of Children and Youth Services notified of any occurrence.A serious occurrence includes such things as the death of a child, a serious injury, alleged abuse/mistreatment of a child, a missing child, a disaster on the premises (e. g. fire) or a serious complaint. 20 †¢ A written anaphylactic policy is in place that includes: †¢ A strategy to reduce the risk of exposure to anap hylactic causative agents †¢ A communication plan for the provision of information on lifethreatening allergies, including anaphylactic allergies †¢ An individual plan for each child with an anaphylactic allergy that includes emergency procedures in respect of the child †¢ Staff, students and volunteers have received training on procedures to be followed if a child has an anaphylactic reaction. A first aid kit and manual must be readily available. †¢ A written procedure approved by a qualified medical practitioner regarding the giving and recording of medication is required. The procedure should include the storage of medication (e. g. medication must be stored in a locked container). †¢ If a child has or may have a reportable disease or is or may be infected with a communicable disease, this is reported to the medical officer of health as soon as possible. †¢ Cats and dogs on the premises must be inoculated against rabies. Nutrition †¢ Infants are to be fed according to written parental instructions. †¢ Food and drink from home must be labelled with the child’s name. All food and drink must be stored to maintain maximum nutritive value. †¢ Meals and snacks must meet the requirements of the Day Nurseries Act. Canada's Food Guide provides useful information about nutrition. 21 †¢ Meals are to be provided where a day nursery operates for 6 or more hours each day or where the daily program operates less than 6 hours each day and operates over the meal time. This generally refers to the provision of lunch as the mid-day meal. In day nurseries that offer care over extended hours, this may mean that breakfast and/or dinner are also provided. †¢ With the approval of a ministry Director, children 44 months of age or over as of August 31 of the year may bring bag lunches.Written policies and procedures with guidelines for bag lunches should be both posted and provided to parents. †¢ Menus must be posted with substitutions noted. †¢ Children’s food allergies must be posted in the kitchen and in all rooms where food is served. †¢ Special dietary arrangements for individual children are to be carried out according to written instructions of parents. Behaviour Management †¢ Corporal punishment is not allowed under any circumstances. †¢ The following are not permitted: †¢ deliberate harsh or degrading measures that would humiliate or undermine a child's self respect †¢ deprivation of food, shelter, clothing or bedding †¢ confining a child in a locked room †¢ exits locked for the purpose of confinement. Written behaviour management policies and procedures which guide centre staff in managing children’s behaviour are to be reviewed annually by the operator. The operator is required to review the policies and procedures with employees and volunteers or students before they begin working, and annually thereafter. These policies must set out permitted and prohibited behaviour 22 management practices and measures to deal with any contraventions of the policy. †¢ There must be: †¢ a signed, written record of all reviews, and †¢ a written procedure for monitoring behaviour management practices of employees, students and volunteers, and a record kept of this monitoring.Enrolment Records †¢ Up to date enrolment records for all children in attendance must be on site at all times and be available to the Ministry of Children and Youth Services. These records include, in part, an application, immunization records, emergency information, names of persons to whom the child may be released, parental instructions regarding rest, diet or exercise. †¢ Daily attendance records that indicate a child’s arrival, departure and absence from the program are required. †¢ The medical officer of health or designate such as the public health nurse is permitted to inspect children’s records to ensu re that all required immunizations are up to date.Program In order to ensure that the program offered is age and developmentally appropriate for the age of the children being served, the following is required: †¢ a written program philosophy statement which is reviewed annually by the operator and with parents prior to enrolling their child †¢ a program statement which includes: services, age range, times when the services are offered, holidays, fees, admission and discharge policies, program philosophy, program development, personal and health care, nutrition, parental involvement and 23 behaviour management, specialized services and activities off the premises †¢ varied, flexible and age appropriate programs that include quiet and active play, individual and group activities which are designed to promote gross and fine motor skills, language and cognitive skills, and social and emotional development, and †¢ a daily program plan posted and available to parents w ith any variations to the program recorded in the daily log.In addition: †¢ Any infants not able to walk are to be separated from other children during active indoor and outdoor play periods †¢ Children under 30 months of age are to be separated from older children during active indoor and outdoor play periods †¢ Children who attend for six or more hours in a day and are over 30 months of age shall have at least two hours of outdoor play, weather permitting †¢ Children who attend for six or more hours in a day and are under 30 months of age shall be outside for sleep or play, for up to two hours, weather permitting †¢ Children who attend for six or more hours in a day and who are between the ages of 18 months and five years shall have a rest period, not longer than two hours following lunch †¢ A child under 44 months of age as of August 31 of the year who is unable to sleep is not to be kept in a bed (cot) for longer than one hour, after which the child is allowed to get up and participate in quiet activities †¢ A child 44 months of age or over and up to and including 67 months of age as of August 31 of the year and who is unable to sleep during the rest period is permitted to engage in quiet activities. 24 DAY NURSERIES ACT SUMMARY OF LICENSING REQUIREMENTS FOR PRIVATE-HOME DAY CARE AGENCIES Private-home day care agencies provide home child care at more than one location. Care in each location is provided to five children or less under 10 years of age in a private residence other than the home of the parent/guardian of the child. Homes are monitored by the agency. Organization and Management Each private-home day care agency is required to employ one home visitor for every twenty-five homes.The home visitor must have completed a post-secondary program of studies in child development and family studies (for example a diploma in Early Childhood Education or a Degree in Child Studies), have a least two years experience and must be approved by the Director under the Day Nurseries Act. Home visitors provide support to providers who are required to follow the agencies' approved policies and procedures and meet the requirements of the Day Nurseries Act. They are responsible for the recruitment, evaluation and monitoring of providers and the care they offer. Home visitors also meet with parents and providers to establish the most suitable placement for a child and facilitate ongoing communication with parents.Numbers of Children In each home that has been approved by the agency: †¢ The number of children receiving child care must not exceed 5 children †¢ The number of children under 6 years in the provider’s home, including the provider’s own, may not exceed a total of 5 children †¢ The following number of children in each of the following classifications cannot be exceeded at any one time: 25 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ two handicapped children two children, who are un der 2 years of age three children, who are under 3 years of age one handicapped child and one child who is under 2 years of age one handicapped child and two children who are over 2 years of age but under three years of age. †¢Where the children of the provider are under the age of six years, they must be counted in the allowable age mix of children listed above; however, the provider may still have five child care children in addition to her own by caring for some school age children. For example, a provider who has three children of her own under five years may, in addition, provide care for five child care children, if at least three of these children are over the age of six. †¢ †¢ With the approval of the agency, school age children up to and including the age of 12 years may be accommodated along with younger children where appropriate. Agency placed children over the age of 10 years must be counted in the same way as other children, i. e. , there can be a total of only five placements with one provider.Example groupings of the number of allowable children Privatehome day care child Under 2 years 2 1 2 1 2 Privatehome day care child Under 3 years Privatehome day care child 3 to under 6 years 1 2 2 3 Privatehome day care child Over 6 years Provider’s children Under 6 years Provider’s children over 6 years (not counted in allowable number of children) 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 â€Å"Private-home day care child† includes children placed by the private-home day care agency as well as any children receiving care through private arrangements between the provider and the child’s parent/guardian. 26 †¢ Every private-home day care agency establishes a maximum capacity for each home in compliance with the Day Nurseries Act.Criminal Reference Checks Individuals and directors of a corporation applying for new licences will be required to submit a criminal reference check to their local Ministry of Children and Youth Services Re gional Office, as part of the licence application. In preparation for the initial licensing visit, the operator of the private-home day care agency is required to develop a criminal reference check policy for all staff and providers working with the children, as well as for any volunteers and other persons regularly on the premises where care is being provided. Additional information about the Ministry of Children and Youth Services criminal reference check policy is available from Regional Offices. Building and Accommodation †¢ The buildings and accommodation must comply with municipal bylaws, health, fire and zoning requirements. Private-home day care locations must comply with the requirements of the Smoke-Free Ontario Act. Equipment and Furnishings †¢ Suitable indoor and outdoor play equipment is required for the number and developmental needs of the children enrolled. †¢ Cribs or cradles that meet the requirements of the Hazardous Products Act are required for in fants, and cots and beds for older children. †¢ All equipment must be maintained in a safe and clean condition and kept in good repair. †¢ Outdoor play must be supervised and planned in consultation with the home visitor and the child’s parent. †¢ Poisonous and hazardous materials are to be inaccessible to children. 27 †¢ Firearms and ammunition are to be kept locked and inaccessible to children. Where a private-home day care operator or private-home day care provider transports child in a vehicle, child seating and restraint systems are used that meet the requirements of the Highway Traffic Act, O. Reg. 613. †¢ Working smoke alarms are installed near all sleeping areas at the location and on every storey of the provider’s home that does not have a sleeping area. Policies and Procedures Every operator must develop the following policies and procedures: †¢ Fire evacuation procedures †¢ Sanitary practices †¢ Serious occurrence poli cy, including child abuse reporting procedures †¢ Anaphylactic policy, including an individual plan for each child with a severe allergy and the emergency procedures to be followed. Criminal reference check policy †¢ Medication policy †¢ Behaviour management policy, including monitoring procedures and contravention policy †¢ Home visitor and provider training and development policy †¢ Program statement/parent handbook. Inspections †¢ Copies of fire and health inspections are to be sent to the Ministry of Children and Youth Services program advisor and kept on file at the head office of the private-home day care agency. 28 Insurance Requirements †¢ The operator must have comprehensive general liability coverage and personal injury coverage for all staff and providers. †¢ All vehicles owned by the operator must have motor vehicle insurance. Health and Medical Supervision †¢ Instructions or recommendations from the local Public Health Depart ment must be implemented. †¢ Sanitary practices and procedures must be approved by the Ministry. Children are to be immunized as recommended by the local medical officer of health. †¢ Each day, before each child begins to play with others, an observation of the child’s health is required. †¢ An ill child must be separated from others and arrangements made for the child to be taken home or for immediate medical attention, if required. †¢ Serious occurrence procedures must be in place and the Ministry of Children and Youth Services notified of any occurrence. A serious occurrence includes such things as the death of a child, a serious injury, alleged abuse/mistreatment of a child, a missing child, a disaster on the premises (e. g. fire) or a serious complaint. A written anaphylactic policy is in place that includes: †¢ A strategy to reduce the risk of exposure to anaphylactic causative agents †¢ A communication plan for the provision of information on lifethreatening allergies, including anaphylactic allergies †¢ An individual plan for each child with an anaphylactic allergy that includes emergency procedures in respect of the child 29 †¢ Home visitors, providers, residents, students and volunteers have received training on procedures to be followed if a child has an anaphylactic reaction. †¢ A first aid kit and manual must be readily available. †¢ A written procedure approved by a qualified medical practitioner regarding the giving and recording of medication is required. The procedure should include the storage of medication (e. g. tored in a location that is inaccessible to children). †¢ Cats and dogs on the premises must be inoculated against rabies. Nutrition †¢ Infants are to be fed according to written parental instructions. †¢ Food and drink that is brought from home is to be labelled with the child’s name. †¢ All food and drink must be stored to maintain maximum nutritiv e value. †¢ Meals and snacks must meet the requirements of the Day Nurseries Act. Canada's Food Guide provides useful information about nutrition. †¢ Nutritious between-meal snacks are to be provided for each child one year of age or over that promote good dental health and will not interfere with a child's appetite for meal time. Meals are to be provided where a private-home day care location provides care for 6 or more hours each day or where care is provided for less than 6 hours each day and over the meal time. This generally refers to the provision of lunch as the mid-day meal. In locations that offer care over extended hours, this may mean that breakfast and/or dinner are also provided. †¢ With the approval of a ministry Director, children 44 months of age or over as of August 31 of the year may bring bag lunches. Written 30 †¢ Menus are to be planned in consultation with parents and the home visitor. †¢ Special dietary arrangements for individual chil dren are to be carried out according to written instructions of parents. Behaviour Management †¢ Corporal punishment is not allowed under any circumstances. The following are not permitted: †¢ Deliberate harsh or degrading measures that would humiliate or undermine a child's self respect †¢ Deprivation of food, shelter, clothing or bedding †¢ Confining a child in a locked room, and †¢ Exits locked for the purpose of confinement. †¢ Written behaviour management policies and procedures for provider’s management of children’s behaviour must be reviewed annually by the operator and with each provider, volunteers, students and any persons regularly on the premises where care is being provided. These policies must set out permitted and prohibited behaviour management practices and measures to deal with any contraventions of the policy. There must be: †¢ a signed, written record of all reviews, and †¢ a written procedure for monitoring behaviour management practices of providers, students, volunteers and any persons regularly on the premises, and a record kept of this monitoring. 31 Enrolment Records †¢ Up to date enrolment records for all children in attendance must be on site at all times and be available to the Ministry of Children and Youth Services. This record includes, in part, an application, immunization, emergency information, names of persons to whom the child may be released, parental instructions regarding rest, diet or exercise). †¢ A record of each child’s daily attendance is required. †¢ Local medical officer of health or designate such as the public health nurse is permitted to inspect records to ensure that all required immunizations are up to date.Program In order to ensure that the program offered is age and developmentally appropriate for the age of the children being served the following is required: †¢ a written program philosophy statement which is to be reviewed annually by the operator and with parents prior to enrolling their child †¢ a program statement which includes: services, age range, fees, particular approach to program, parental involvement and behaviour management †¢ varied, flexible and age appropriate programs must be planned which include quiet and active play as well as individual and group activities that are designed to promote gross and fine motor skills, language and cognitive skills, and social and emotional development, and †¢ the program of activities is to be made available to parents.In addition: †¢ Each child who is in attendance for six or more hours in a day and is over 30 months of age is required to have daily outdoor activities. 32 †¢ Each child under 30 months of age in attendance for six or more hours in a day is required to be outdoors for sleep or play or both for up to two hours each day, weather permitting. †¢ Each child who is in attendance for six or more hours in a day and is between 18 months and five years is required to have a rest period not exceeding 2 hours following lunch. †¢ A child under 44 months of age as of August 31 of the year who is unable to sleep is not to be kept in bed (cot/playpen) for longer than one hour and is allowed to get up and participate in quiet activities. A child 44 months of age or over and up to and including 67 months of age as of August 31 of the year and who is unable to sleep during the rest period is permitted to engage in quiet activities. Health Assessments or Immunization †¢ Providers and persons (including the provider’s own children) regularly on the premises must be immunized as recommended by the local medical officer of health, unless a fully authorized exemption in on file. 33 CONCLUSION The Ministry of Children and Youth Services’ vision is an Ontario where all children and youth have the best opportunity to succeed and reach their full potential. Child care is an important supp ort to families, healthy child development and school readiness.The licensing requirements exist to support a system where children are cared for in a safe, nurturing and stimulating environment. The information provided in this package will assist you in understanding the licensing requirements for child care in Ontario. This package is only an overview of the process. If you decide to apply for a licence to operate either a day nursery or a private-home day care agency, contact the Ministry of Children and Youth Services Regional Office in your area for more detailed information. The Regional Office staff will be pleased to assist and support you in establishing your child care program. 34 APPENDIX 1 Glossary of TermsChild Care Service System Managers: The municipalities and district social service administration boards which are responsible for the management of the delivery of child care services. Premises that receive more than five children under 10 years of age, not of common parentage, for a continuous period not more than 24 hours for temporary care and guidance. The Ministry also licenses day nurseries for children with a developmental disability up to the age of 18 years. An employee of the Ministry appointed by the Minister as a Director for all or any of the purposes under the Day Nurseries Act. Ministry of Children and Youth Services. Minister of the Ministry of Children and Youth Services An individual or corporation who holds the licence.A person or corporation that provides private home day care at more than one location. The self employed person in charge of the children in a location where private-home day care is provided who is directly responsible for planning and implementing a daily program. A ministry employee, designated under section 16 of the Day Nurseries Act to inspect licensed child care programs and follow up on complaints about unlicensed child care. Ministry offices located in geographical areas across the province. Day Nurser y: Director: Ministry: Minister: Operator: Private-Home Day Care Agency: Private-Home Day Care Provider: Program Advisor: Regional Offices: 35 APPENDIX 2Things to look into before applying for a licence to operate a day nursery or a private-home day care agency NOTE: It is recommended that you do not purchase or lease premises for a day nursery until you have reviewed this information, taken the steps as outlined and consulted with the ministry about your specific plans. †¢ Obtain a copy of the Day Nurseries Act to become familiar with the regulations governing the operation of a licensed day nursery or a privatehome day care agency. A copy of the Day Nurseries Act is available from Publications Ontario, 777 Bay Street, Market Level, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C8 or by calling 416-585-7485 or 1-800-668-9938.The Day Nurseries Act can also be viewed on the ministry’s website at http://www. children. gov. on. ca by following the links to Legislation. Assess the need for service within the area in which you intend to operate. This could include contacting existing agencies and/or child care centres to discuss the possible need for additional licensed child care services and surveying the community where you would like to establish your service. Speak with your fire, health and municipal zoning and building inspection departments for information regarding any site specific requirements for starting a day nursery or a private-home day care agency. These telephone numbers are available in the blue pages of your telephone directory.Prepare a basic budget based on expenses such as staff salaries and benefits, provider payments, play equipment, food, insurance and office expenses such as rent, taxes, utilities, telephone and bank charges. If you wish to operate a day nursery, determine what it would cost to renovate the space, indoors and outdoors in order to meet the requirements of the Day Nurseries Act and requirements of fire, health, and the building code. M inistry approval of the floor plans which include any proposed changes to the premises must be obtained prior to application for a building permit. Building permits issued by the municipal Building Department must be obtained prior any renovations being made. Call the MCYS Regional Office in your area for more detailed information and for assistance with the licensing process.Contact your local Child Care Service System Manager to find out about the child care services that are currently being delivered in your area. Examine their local child care plan to see what services are being planned and 36 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ developed. The addresses of the Child Care Service System Managers are included in this package. APPENDIX 3 Ministry of Children and Youth Services (MCYS) REGIONAL OFFICES MCYS Toronto Region 477 Mount Pleasant Rd, 3rd Floor, Toronto ON M7A 1G1 Tel: (416) 325-0652 MCYS Central East Region 465 Davis Drive, Newmarket ON L3Y 8T2 Tel: (905) 868-8900 Toll Free:1-877-669-6658 MCYS Central West Region 6733 Mississauga Rd. Suite 200 Mississauga ON L5N 6J5 Tel: (905) 567-7177 ext. 245 Toll Free: 1-877-832-2818 MCYS Hamilton/Niagara Region 119 King St. W. , 7th floor Hamilton ON L8P 4Y7 Tel: (905) 521-7344 Toll Free: 1-800-561-0568 MCYS Northern Region 199 Larch St. , Suite 1002 Sudbury ON P3E 5P9 Tel: (705) 564-6699 Toll Free:1-800-265-1222 MCYS South West Region 217 York St. , Suite 203 London ON N6A 5R1 Tel: (519) 438-5111 Toll Free: 1-800-265-4197 MCYS South East Region 11 Beechgrove Lane Kingston ON K7M 9A6 Tel: (613) 545-0539 Toll Free:1-800-646-3209 MCYS Eastern Region 347 Preston St. , 3rd floor Ottawa ON K1S 3H8 Tel: (613) 787-5281 Toll Free:1-800-667-6190 MCYS North East Region 621 Main St.West North Bay ON P1B 2V6 Tel: (705) 474-3540 Toll Free:1-800-461-6977 37 APPENDIX 4 CHILD CARE SERVICE SYSTEM MANAGERS CENTRAL EAST REGION City of Kawartha Lakes 322 Kent Street West PO Box 2600 Lindsay ON K9V 4S7 (70 5) 324-9870 County of Northumberland 860 William Street Cobourg ON K9A 3A9 (905) 372-6846 City of Peterborough 178 Charlotte Street Peterborough ON K9J 8S1 (705) 748-8830 County of Simcoe Administration Centre 1110 Hwy 26 West Midhurst ON L0L 1X0 (705) 735-6901 Regional Municipality of York 17250 Yonge Street PO Box 147 Newmarket ON L3Y 6Z1 (905) 895-1231 Regional Municipality of Durham 605 Rossland Road East Whitby ON L1N 6A3 (905) 668-7711 CENTRAL WEST REGION County of Dufferin 229 Broadway Ave. Unit #4 Orangeville ON L9W 1K4 (519) 941-6991 Regional Municipality of Peel 3515 Wolfedale Road Mississauga ON L5C 1V8 (905) 791-1585 County of Wellington 21 Douglas Street Guelph ON N1H 2S7 (519) 837-3620 Regional Municipality of Halton 690 Dorval Drive, 5th Floor Oakville ON L6M 3L1 (905) 825-6000 Regional Municipality of Waterloo P. O. Box 1612 99 Regina Street South, 5th Floor Waterloo ON N2J 4G6 (519) 883-2177 38 EASTERN REGION City of Cornwall 360 Pitt Street, PO Box 877 Cornwall ON K6H 5T9 (613) 932-6252 County of Renfrew 9 International Drive Pembroke ON K8A 6W5 (613) 735-7288 City of Ottawa 100 Constellation Crescent Ottawa ON K2G 6J8 (613) 580-2424 United Counties of Prescott & Russell 59, Court Street P. O. Box 304 L'Original ON K0B 1K0 (613) 675-4661 HAMILTON NIAGARACity of Brantford 220 Clarence Street Brantford ON N3R 3T5 (519) 756-3150 Norfolk County 12 Gilbertson Drive PO Box 570 Simcoe ON N3Y 4L1 (519) 426-6170 ex 3736 City of Hamilton 4 Hughson Street South, Suite 201 Hamilton ON L8N 3Z1 (905) 546-2424 ex. 4120 Regional Municipality of Niagara 2201 St. David’s Road PO Box 344 Thorold ON L2V 3Z3 (905) 984-6900 ex 3823 NORTH EAST REGION District of Cochrane Social Services Administration Board The 101 Mall 38 Pine Street North, Unit 120 Timmins ON P4N 6K6 (705) 268-7722 Toll Free: 1-877-259-7722 District Municipality of Muskoka 70 Pine Street Bracebridge ON P1L 1N3 (705) 645-2412 Toll Free: 1-800-461-4215District of Nipissing Social Services Ad ministration Board 200 McIntyre Street East, 3rd floor PO Box 750 North Bay ON P1B 8J8 (705) 474-2151 District of Parry Sound Social Services Administration Board 76 Church Street, 2nd floor Parry Sound ON P2A 1Z1 (705) 746-7777 Toll Free: 1-800-461-4464 39 Toll Free: 1-877-829-5121 District of Timiskaming Social Services Administration Board 29 Duncan Avenue North PO Box 310 Kirkland Lake ON P2N 3H7 (705) 567-9366 Toll Free: 1-888-544-5555 NORTHERN REGION Algoma District Services Administration Board RR #1 1 Collver Rd. Thessalon ON P0R 1L0 (705) 842-3370 District of Thunder Bay Social Services Administration Board 34 N Cumberland St. 5th Floor Thunder Bay ON P7A 8B9 (807) 684-2155 Manitoulin-Sudbury District Social Services Administration Board 210 Mead Boulevard Espanola ON P5E 1R9 (705) 862-7850 The City of Greater Sudbury PO Box 5000, Station A Sudbury ON P3A 5W5 (705) 673-2171 District of Sault Ste. Marie Social Services Administration Board 180 Brock Street Sault Ste. Marie O N P6A 3B7 (705) 541-7300 Kenora District Services Board 211 Princess Street, Suite 1 Dryden ON P8N 3L5 (807) 223-2100 Rainy River District Social Services Administration Board 450 Scott Street Fort Frances ON P9A 1H2 (807) 274-5349 SOUTH EAST REGION City of Kingston 362 Montreal Street Kingston ON K7K 3H5 (613) 546-2695 County of Lanark P. O. Box 37 99 Sunset Blvd. County of Hastings P. O.Box 6300 Belleville ON K8N 5E2 (613) 966-8032 County of Prince Edward, Lennox and Addington 97 Thomas Street East 40 Perth ON K7H 3E2 (613) 267-4200 United Counties of Leeds and Grenville 25 Central Avenue West Suite 200 Brockville ON K6V 4N6 (613) 342-3840 Napanee ON K7R 3S9 (613) 354-4883 SOUTH WEST REGION City of London Child Care Services 151 Dundas Street, 4th Floor P. O. Box 5045 London ON N6A 4L6 (519) 661-2500, Ext. 5895 City of Stratford 82 Erie Street Stratford ON N5A 2M4 (519) 271-3773, Ext. 243 County of Bruce PO Box 399 30 Park Street Walkerton ON N0G 2V0 (519) 881-0431, Ext. 234 Count y of Huron Jacob Memorial Building 77722D London Road RR #5 Clinton ON N0M 1L0 (519) 482-8505, Ext. 01 County of Oxford 40 Metcalfe Street Woodstock ON N4S 3E7 (519) 539-5656, Ext. 248 City of St. Thomas St. Thomas/Elgin Ontario Works 423 Talbot Street St. Thomas ON N5P 1C1 (519) 631-9350, Ext. 128 City of Windsor 215 Talbot Street East Leamington ON N8H 3X5 (519) 322-3522 County of Grey 595-9th Avenue East Owen Sound ON N4K 3E3 (519) 376-7324 County of Lambton Community & Health Services 160 Exmouth Street Point Edward ON N7T 7Z6 (519) 383-6231, Ext. 242 Municipality of Chatham-Kent 435 Grand Avenue West PO Box 1230 Chatham ON N7M 5L8 (519) 351-1228, Ext. 2130 TORONTO REGION City of Toronto Children’s Services Division 55 John Street, Station 1102 41 10th Floor, Metro Hall Toronto ON M5V 3C6 (416) 392-5437 42

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Individual 4 international financial market Essay

Individual 4 international financial market - Essay Example Mean is often used to determine the expected future returns of mutual funds since it is the best estimate that can be used from the past data. Resources such as NASDAQ stock prices or Yahoo finance are used to provide to help project the future returns of securities. As long as any positive trend or negative trend is noted and taken into consideration, the use of historical data is therefore appropriate in predicting future mutual fund performance. We can also use the mean to project the future and also deliver the obligatory caveat that past returns are not necessarily indicative of future returns. Discussion The mean return is used to analyse the current market performance of the business and to make future projection. The expected mean is sometimes appropriate best estimate available of future returns, where the actual return is likely to be equal to the expected return. Due to this reason investors would prefer to have an idea of how precise their estimates might be. To assist in quantifying the managers and investors estimates, standard deviation and variance are always preferred to be used. Standard deviation is the measure of variability which is also used as the standard measure of the total risk of individual assets and portfolio assets. It measures how far from the expected return the actual return might be. The two companies discussed has the same positive return but their level of risk as measured by the variance cannot be seen to be the same. ConocoPhillips (COP) It is a multinational energy corporation with its headquarters located in Texas in the United States. The company is viewed as one of the largest independent pure play exploration and production and it is also one of the big fortune 500 companies. The company was founded in 1875 as the continental oil and Transportation Company. The company have gone through different stages to reach this far. It is considered the top performing company financially in the NASDAQ financial market. Most of f inancial analysts use standard deviation when working with historical returns since they are deemed to be samples unless 100% of the data points are used in the calculation. The company recorded a negative average mean of -5.64%. Even though the company is the best performing in the current stock market its long term financial plan has failed and they have recorded a loss. On the other hand the company strategy for the upcoming trade is more profitable as shown by their projected return shown by the standard deviation measurement that have indicated a positive percentage of 4.41%. The variance of the company stock also shows a positive percentage of 19.46%, therefore showing that the company obligation to meet long term goals is positive. Dr. Reddy's Laboratories This is an international pharmaceutical company that is based in Hyderaband, Andhra Pradesh in India. The company was found by Dr Anji Reddy who had been working in a publicly owned Indian drugs pharmaceutical limited. The company manufactures and markets a wide range of pharmaceuticals in India and overseas, with over 90 different types of medication and 60 active pharmaceutical ingredients, for drug manufacture, diagnostic kits, critical care, and biotechnology products. The historical performance of the company has indicated a good financial market. The result of the return from the past 10 month’

Real Estate Development MSc Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Real Estate Development MSc - Personal Statement Example f structures often blind to others and enabled me to gain deeper understanding of the CAD programs which contributed to the success during my work experiences. However, it became apparent that finished buildings and structures were not the entire processes, the overlaps that existed between the buildings and business made me want to dig deeper in this process that is why I have chosen to incline my career towards this direction. Though designing structures, still interests me what interest me, the most is the cost and management side of the structures. I have gone through numerous blogs and studied resource works from RICS’s surveying.com and have become intrigued by the behind the scenes logistics and work effort that are undertaken to construct buildings. A change of heart in interests has formed the basis of changing my career to be a quantity surveyor. I engaged in work placement with Northacre on may last year where my interest in the building of structures developed. I also gained practical experience in the process. Most important is that I gained firsthand knowledge on completion of a construction project from scratch, analyzing the development issues and solutions to the issues during different phases of construction. Precisely I gained experience on the various factors that have to be taken into account, whether they are related to the designs or the stockholders. I learnt how to create designs using the CAD software and how to make the presentations to clients. During my time at Northacre I spent a lot of time engaging with both architects and quantity surveyors. It is at his point that I decided that the property development side was my way to go and follow. I have been greatly inspired by the experience I have gained during my placement period that is why I have selected property development as the topic of my dissertation that proves my desire and thirst for knowledge of the construction development process. I marvel at built world that surrounds

Video assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Video assignment - Essay Example From the film, the United States is brought out as one of the most individualistic society in the world. They tend to put more emphasis on individual achievement, equal rights, informal communication as well as little dependence on authority. The US employees are seen consulting with each other frequently and sharing information openly. They are also extremely comfortable interacting with people they don’t even know, and they aren’t shy doing so. On the other hand, the Japanese managers are more of collectivists. They seem to value harmony and loyalty to both the group and company. The movie successfully brought to light the clash between individualist and collectivist cultures in the most beautiful way. For instance, the Japanese workers performed their duties without complaint and a lower salary and higher production rate consistently. On the other hand, the American auto workers depicted less loyalty to the company compared to the Japanese employees. This is evident when Stevenson (role played by Keaton) tried to convince his American workforce to meet the 15000 production quota. Rather than make concessions to accomplish the company goals like their Japanese counterparts had, the US plant employees immediately started talking themselves out of achieving the goal and further looking for ways to lower the quota. In the beginning, Stevenson thinks that he can get them to push the quota nevertheless. However, he discovered that in the absence of the same level of loyalty, the American workers weren’t as motivated and driven to make the set goal a realit y. Quick advancement and reward appear to be the norm in America and is usually based on merit. On the other hand, Japanese culture values dedication and long service are always rewarded. The expectation of rapid reward by the Americans is depicted in the movie when the plant employees ask if they will receive a reward even if they don’t meet the production quota. This means that they